This new research finds that race and gender discrimination varies dramatically across large employers in the United States and, importantly, such discrimination among employers is detectable.

A 1947 worker-protection law that applies only to large firms has long stopped large Indian firms from growing. Since the early 2000s, large Indian firms have grown by relying on contract workers; such workers now account for almost 40% of the labor force of large Indian firms. The use of contract workers have also spurred increases in productivity and job creation among large Indian firms.

Moving to high-quality, fully reliable home internet service for all Americans would raise earnings-weighted labor productivity by an estimated 1.1% in the coming years, with implied output gains of $160 billion per year, or $4 trillion when capitalized at a 4% rate.