Welfare reform did not affect the amount of time and material resources mothers devoted to cognitively stimulating activities with their young children, but did have significant negative effects on mothers’ provision of emotional support, with stronger effects for mothers with low human capital. Among older children, welfare reform had adverse effects on engagement in parent-child activities, children feeling close to their mothers, and mothers knowing their children’s whereabouts, with the effects generally concentrated among boys.

Enrollment in SNAP, TANF, and Medicaid fell by 15%, 24%, and 4% one year after automation, likely attributable to insufficient personalized assistance from caseworkers, lower tolerance for application and recertification errors, and delays and technical glitches at overwhelmed call centers.

Female entrepreneurs ran more successful firms after receiving mentorship from women, compared to a control group that received no mentorship and female entrepreneurs who were mentored by men.

Non-elderly people experiencing homelessness have 3.5 times higher mortality than those who are housed; homeless individuals’ mortality rose by 33 percent during the COVID-19 pandemic.

While much research on intergenerational mobility has focused on the influence of parental income while children are young, this research shows how marginal changes in income at each age affect expected offspring permanent income; parental income at adolescence proves key.

Education is key in determining whether offspring become inventors; the establishment of new universities allows higher-ability parents to study in a university, which enhances both the parents’ and their children’s human capital and skill formation, and increases offspring’s capacity to invent.

Of three commonly applied measures of social programs, the best method is net social benefit (NSB), which captures the net expansion or contraction of the social possibility frontier and, thus, better reflects how projects may vary in scale and content.

Contrary to conventional wisdom regarding the impact of temporary changes to Child Tax Credit payments, poverty was likely relatively stable in 2021 and the first half of 2022.