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Becker Friedman Institute for Economics
  • About
        • About the Becker Friedman Institute
          The Becker Friedman Institute for Economics (BFI) serves as a hub for cutting-edge analysis and research across the entire University of Chicago economics community, uniting researchers from the Booth School of Business, the Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, the...
        • Our Legacy
          Inspired by our namesakes, Nobel Laureates Gary Becker and Milton Friedman, who believed that economics research could help improve the world, BFI works with the Chicago Economics community to turn its evidence-based research into real-world impact.
        • Pre-Doctoral Research Professionals
          The Predoctoral Research in Economics Program (PREP) is intended to serve as a bridge between college and graduate school for students interested in empirical economics. The program offers unique research and professional training opportunities at the University of Chicago.
        • Expanding Discovery in Economics+
          Expanding Discovery in Economics+ (EDE+) brings together a diverse group of early undergraduate students to hone their research abilities and technical skills.
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        • Research Initiatives
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          • Ronzetti Initiative for the Study of Labor Markets
          • Socioeconomic Inequalities Initiative
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          • Program in Behavioral Economics Research
          • TMW Center for Early Learning + Public Health
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  • Scholars
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        • Retrospective Versus Prospective Meritocracy
          Steven Durlauf

          This article proposes a way of understanding meritocracy from retrospective versus prospective points of view. Retrospective meritocracy is static or backwards-looking: Merit is based on an individual’s characteristics or past achievements as representative of excellence or as desert for a...

          Automation, Learning, and Career Dynamics
          Hassan Afrouzi, Andres Blanco, Andrés Drenik, and Erik Hurst

          We study how an automating technology affects career dynamics, human capital, and welfare in an economy where workers acquire skill through the tasks they perform. In a continuous-time general equilibrium model, learning-by-doing is determined jointly with the share of tasks...

          The Success of the Embedded State in England
          Leander Heldring, Davis Kedrosky, James Robinson, and Matthias Weigand

          Many states exhibit high degrees of capacity without the fiscal resources necessary to fund a modern bureaucracy. We argue that they achieve this by exploiting features of the social structure of the societies they govern to motivate individuals to engage...

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  • Insights
        • Research Briefs

          The Rise of Healthcare Jobs
          Household Preferences for Women’s Employment: A Field Experiment in Bangladesh
          Multidimensional Signaling and the Rise of Cultural Politics
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        • BFI Data Studio

          Unlocking the Power of Markets as a New Tool for Regulating Pollution
          Explore Historical Manufacturing Data
          The Hidden Volatility of American Workers’ Paychecks
        • View All caret-right
        • Podcasts

          Life as a Lab: John List on the Art and Ethics of Field Experiments
          Wealth of Institutions: Randall Kroszner on Why Markets Stayed Calm While the Fed Came Under Fire
          A Conversation with Raghuram Rajan: Corporate Governance, Community, and Political Economy
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        • Videos

          BFI Youtube Channel external
          Captivating and informative videos on the latest insights and trends as well as the tested stock of knowledge in economics from leaders in academia, policy, business, and the media.
  • Events
        • Upcoming Events

          May 5

          BFI Student Lunch Series – Making the Invisible Hand Visible: How Managers Shape Careers Inside Firms

          May 8

          Spring 2026 Development Lunch Workshop

          May 8

          2026 Undergraduate Spring Panel: Regulating Disruptive Digital Technologies

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Winnie van Dijk

Yale University
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© 2026 Becker Friedman Institute for Economics at the University of Chicago

  • About
        • About the Becker Friedman Institute
          The Becker Friedman Institute for Economics (BFI) serves as a hub for cutting-edge analysis and research across the entire University of Chicago economics community, uniting researchers from the Booth School of Business, the Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, the...
        • Our Legacy
          Inspired by our namesakes, Nobel Laureates Gary Becker and Milton Friedman, who believed that economics research could help improve the world, BFI works with the Chicago Economics community to turn its evidence-based research into real-world impact.
        • Pre-Doctoral Research Professionals
          The Predoctoral Research in Economics Program (PREP) is intended to serve as a bridge between college and graduate school for students interested in empirical economics. The program offers unique research and professional training opportunities at the University of Chicago.
        • Expanding Discovery in Economics+
          Expanding Discovery in Economics+ (EDE+) brings together a diverse group of early undergraduate students to hone their research abilities and technical skills.
        • Visitors & Fellows
        • Our Team
        • BFI Employment Opportunities
        • Contact
  • Network
        • Research Initiatives
          • Big Data Initiative
          • Health Economics Initiative
          • Industrial Organization Initiative
          • International Economics and Economic Geography Initiative
          • Macroeconomic Research Initiative
          • Political Economics Initiative
          • Price Theory Initiative
          • Public Economics Initiative
          • Ronzetti Initiative for the Study of Labor Markets
          • Socioeconomic Inequalities Initiative
        • View All caret-right
        • Global Initiatives
          • BFI-China
          • BFI-Latin America
          • Tata Centre for Development
        • View All caret-right
        • Programs & Centers
          • Development Economics Center
          • Expanding Discovery in Economics+ (EDE+)
          • Experimental Economics Program
          • Global Center for Economic Growth - Growth Academy
          • Gracias Center for Human Sciences and Well-Being
          • Macro Finance Research Program
          • Program in Behavioral Economics Research
          • TMW Center for Early Learning + Public Health
        • View All caret-right
  • Scholars
    • UChicago Scholars
    • Visiting Scholars
    • Saieh Family Fellows
    • Predoctoral Research Professionals
  • Research
        • Retrospective Versus Prospective Meritocracy
          Steven Durlauf

          This article proposes a way of understanding meritocracy from retrospective versus prospective points of view. Retrospective meritocracy is static or backwards-looking: Merit is based on an individual’s characteristics or past achievements as representative of excellence or as desert for a...

          Automation, Learning, and Career Dynamics
          Hassan Afrouzi, Andres Blanco, Andrés Drenik, and Erik Hurst

          We study how an automating technology affects career dynamics, human capital, and welfare in an economy where workers acquire skill through the tasks they perform. In a continuous-time general equilibrium model, learning-by-doing is determined jointly with the share of tasks...

          The Success of the Embedded State in England
          Leander Heldring, Davis Kedrosky, James Robinson, and Matthias Weigand

          Many states exhibit high degrees of capacity without the fiscal resources necessary to fund a modern bureaucracy. We argue that they achieve this by exploiting features of the social structure of the societies they govern to motivate individuals to engage...

        • View All caret-right
  • Insights
        • Research Briefs

          The Rise of Healthcare Jobs
          Household Preferences for Women’s Employment: A Field Experiment in Bangladesh
          Multidimensional Signaling and the Rise of Cultural Politics
        • View All caret-right
        • BFI Data Studio

          Unlocking the Power of Markets as a New Tool for Regulating Pollution
          Explore Historical Manufacturing Data
          The Hidden Volatility of American Workers’ Paychecks
        • View All caret-right
        • Podcasts

          Life as a Lab: John List on the Art and Ethics of Field Experiments
          Wealth of Institutions: Randall Kroszner on Why Markets Stayed Calm While the Fed Came Under Fire
          A Conversation with Raghuram Rajan: Corporate Governance, Community, and Political Economy
        • View All caret-right
        • Videos

          BFI Youtube Channel external
          Captivating and informative videos on the latest insights and trends as well as the tested stock of knowledge in economics from leaders in academia, policy, business, and the media.
  • Events
        • Upcoming Events

          May 5

          BFI Student Lunch Series – Making the Invisible Hand Visible: How Managers Shape Careers Inside Firms

          May 8

          Spring 2026 Development Lunch Workshop

          May 8

          2026 Undergraduate Spring Panel: Regulating Disruptive Digital Technologies

        • View All caret-right
  • News
    • BFI News
    • Media Mentions
    • Press Releases
  • Info For
    • Scholars
    • Students
    • Media
    • Pre-Doctoral Research Professionals
  • Subscribe
    • Join Our Weekly Briefing Newsletter
    • Newsletter Archive
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